It is said that "Its the sound of the drill that sends chills down the spine." The main concern for a dentist is patients anxiety and fear to drills and anesthesia

Several generations of bonding systems have been formulated during the last few decades¹.

In recent times there have been significant technological advancements to facilitate root canal cleaning and shaping.¹

Dentistry is a foremost healing profession. In today’s world, it is very necessary to understand the importance of being eco-friendly in every facet of life, including dental practice which has a huge impact on the environment due to the large amount of waste generated by various dental procedures along with excessive use of water and electricity, thus specifically emphasising the thrust to move towards Green Dentistry.¹

Dental amalgam has served as an excellent and versatile restorative material for many years, despite periods of controversy.
For the present, amalgam should remain the material of choice for economic direct restoration of posterior teeth. All alternative restorative materials and procedures, however, have certain limitations. The importance of direct-placement, aesthetic, tooth - colored restorative materials is still increasing. Amalgam restorations are being replaced because of alleged adverse health effects and inferior aesthetic appearance.
As the value of amalgam restorations is increasingly being questioned in modern dentistry, the clinical potential of amalgam restorations in general has been evaluated. The longevity of dental restorations is dependent on many factors, including those related to materials, the dentist, and the patient. Dental amalgams have successfully served the profession for over a century. Both factors will likewise influence the longevity of any new restorative concepts. Nevertheless, amalgam restorations remain the standard against which alternative materials are evaluated.

The human body is a very complex biological system which comprises of molecules hence, the availability of molecular nanotechnology will permit dramatic progress to address medical problems and will use molecular knowledge to maintain and improve human health at the molecular scale. Greatness does not come from size on the other hand surprises come from small packages .Nanotechnology is rapidly developing subdivision that affects many fields. Medicine is also influenced by nanotechnology. Nanomaterials are of interest from a fundamental point of view because with new materials, come new properties, which result in new opportunities for technological and commercial development, and applications of nanoparticles have been proposed in areas as diverse as microelectronics, coatings and paints, and biotechnology. From these applications has come the development of nano-pharmaceuticals, nanosensors, nanoswitches, and nanodelivery systems. Nanotechnology offers advances particularly in each and every field of human activity such as electronics, industry, telecommunications, environmental science, medical and health care sciences etc. Since 1990s, nanotechnology has been exploited for potential medical and dental applications. Nanotechnology holds promise for advanced diagnostics, targeted drug delivery and biosensors. It is based on the idea of creating functional structures by controlling atoms and molecules on a one-by-one basis. What makes nano-particles interesting and bestows unique features upon them is the fact that their size is smaller than the critical lengths defining many physical events. Dentistry is undergoing yet another change to benefit mankind, this time by transforming itself to the nano-dentistry. Preventive dentistry has also utilized the same concept to develop the nano-materials for inclusion in a variety of oral healthcare products. However, due to insufficient evidence on potential hazards on human health and environment, nanotechnology has become a controversial issue. It is documented that nanomaterials can enter the human body through several routes and can pose a threat to human health by interacting with the DNA. Although the effect of nanotechnology on dentistry is limited to the use of currently available materials, rapidly progressing investigations will ensure that developments that seem unbelievable today are possible in the future. The future utilization of the advantages of nanotechnology will facilitate improvements in oral health.

Dental health requirements have evolved substantially over the years. Various reasons maybe attributed to this development especially in the 21st century. Changes in food habits, environmental manifestations, genetic mutations, as well as behavioral trait variations have played an important role in manifesting dental diseases. Dental care is a very important part of our modern life.

Nuclear medicine imaging is one of the latest and cutting-edge innovations in maxillofacial diagnosis. Nuclear medicine imaging often play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
The artificial manufacture of gamma ray emitting isotopes like gallium-67 or Tc99m and development of gamma scintillation cameras has made the diagnostic modality of radio nucleotide a reality. This modality allows for dynamic visualization of basic uptake and secretion from many of tissues of human body. This technique can be used to detect areas of increased metabolism, termed as hot spot or areas of decreased metabolism called as cold spot. This technology is used in detection of metastatic tumors, salivary gland pathologies, TMJ tumors and lymphatic pathology.
Newer imaging techniques such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are being used more frequently in the evaluation of head and neck cancer. PET can be used in pretreatment staging process, during radiotherapy planning and in the post treatment work-up.
The aim of this poster is to portray the applications of Nuclear medicine in the oral and maxillofacial diagnosis as well as their merits and demerits.

As one of the most demanding tasks facing the restorative dentist, planning and executing an occlusal rehabilitation should not be undertaken lightly. The stakes are high and failure is costly. Treatment planning decisions should be undertaken on the basis of scientific evidence, where this is available, or on the basis of documented experience where it is not. Identify the major biological and clinical considerations used when planning an occlusal rehabilitation. As one of the most demanding tasks facing the restorative dentist, planning and executing an occlusal rehabilitation should not be undertaken lightly. The aim was to present a case of occlusion rehabilitation in a patient with multiple carious teeth and few grossly decayed teeth. A 21 yr old female patient had grossly decayed 36,45, 46 and had class -I caries in her 26, 27 16,17. Root canal treatment was done in 36, 45, 46, Followed by Glass Fibre Post in 45. Then Full crown coverage was given in all the teeth treated. Finally composite restoration was done w.r.t 26, 27, 16, 17.

Ozone has been successfully used in Medicine for over a hundred years due to its microbiological effects. Its use has been investigated in the treatment of ocular diseases, viral, fungal and bacterial infections, dermatological disorders, and in pulmonary, renal, hematological and neurodegenerative pathologies.

Tissue engineering is a novel and exciting field that aims to re-create functional, healthy tissues and organs in order to replace diseased, dying, or dead tissues. It is based on harvesting the progenitor or stem cells expanding and differentiating them into cells that have potential to form new tissue and organ. Pulpal regeneration after tooth injury is not easy to accomplish, because of the infected pulp requires tooth extraction or root canal therapy. Current treatment modalities offer high levels of success for many conditions; an ideal form of therapy might consist of regenerative approaches in which diseased or necrotic pulp tissues are removed and replaced with healthy pulp tissue to revitalize teeth. Many of the current tissue engineering research is directed towards the area of cell manipulation and scaffold design.

Young children’s oral health maintenance and outcomes are influenced by their parent’s knowledge and beliefs. Oral hygiene and dietary habits are established during preschool days and the parents, especially mothers function as role models for their children. Provision of infant oral health care is a challenging issue in rural/urban areas of our country due to lack of Pedodontists and other dental workforces. This poster is designed to begin from the grass root level to create knowledge and awareness regarding infant oral health care among dental and medical students and parents of rural and urban areas. The basic approach in controlling the disease is to identify the disease. This requires knowledge about dental disease process and to reduce the risk factors. Oral hygiene procedures for the child should begin as the first tooth erupts. Educating parents regarding cleaning and massaging of gums which helps in establishing healthy oral flora and to aid in teething. Parents should establish dental home for infants by 12 months of age. Infant oral health care is a foundation on which a lifetime of preventive education and dental care is build up in order to achieve caries free childhood and adulthood.

Infant oral colonisation is alarmingly proportional to the maternal Mutans Streptococcus counts, oral hygiene, periodontal health and socioeconomic status. Yet, in rural India, promotion of infant oral health (IOH) care still remains an oblivious concept.

The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the success rate of Pressed-ceramic veneers and Zirconia based veneers

There has been a rise in Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in dentists because of extended workdays, awkward postures, prolonged standing/unsupported sitting, and a host of other problems caused by poorly designed workstations, improper work habits, and instruments that are difficult to manipulate. The current workstation in most dental offices requires that the practitioner lean forward, flex his neck forward and laterally, hold his shoulders abducted and his arms flexed, with this position being held statically for most of the workday. The human body is not built to handle these kinds of stresses, which place them at great risk for developing MSDs.

Bacterial invasion of the root canal system is crucial for the onset and maintenance of periapical diseases. Thus, one goal of endodontic treatment is to kill microorganisms in the root canal system. Although biomechanical preparation and root canal shaping, irrigants and intracanal medicaments effectively reduce microbiota, these procedures do not completely eliminate bacteria and there are chances of failure. Enterococcus faecalis accounts for approximately 80% of the enterococcal infections, and it is highly resistant to antibiotics. E. faecalis is the most prominent and occasionally the only bacterial species to be isolated from root canals of treatment failed teeth

Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature death and disease worldwide. Currently, approximately 5.4 million people die each year due to tobacco-related illnesses and is expected to increase to more than 8 million a year by 2030.¹

Oral health is an integral and essential component of general health and this is the epitome that all of us strive to achieve. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common oral health problems of Indian population. About 54% of children and 80% of 35-44 year old people are affected by dental caries, where as about 90% of 35-44 year old are affected by periodontal diseases.¹

Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. A stem cell is essentially the building block of the human body.1 In our human body, there are many sources from which these stem cells are derived such as eye, brain, blood from umbilical cord, bone marrow, skin and teeth.2

Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating matter which is measured in billionths of a meter.1 The premise of Nanotechnology is to manipulate atoms and molecules to construct a three dimensional product.2 With the integration of this technology a new field of dentistry and dental materials has emerged. It is known as nanodentistry.3 A multitude of applications have been put forth some of which have already been implemented and others that are on the horizon of practical achievability. This poster describes some aspects of nanodentistry. The first field that the poster describes is the surface modification of implants. The process of plasma laser deposition and radiofrequency sputtering are employed for this purpose. These technologies promote a homogenous surface deposition with minimal porosity and prevent the delamination of the coating. This addresses some of the limitations of the plasma spraying process. Despite such surface modifications showing promising results in enhancing osseointegration, a practitioner must thoroughly research long term outcomes of such modifications before inculcating them into regular practice.4 Bone replacement materials are already manufactured using nanotechnology. Hydroxyapetite nanoparticles have been used to treat bone defects.2 The benefits claimed by manufacturers are rapid collagen formation, rapid achievement of maximum strength and optimal modeling properties. Nanocomposites and ceramic materials have been in use for a considerable amount of time. Manufacturers successfully created non-agglomerated discrete nanoparticles that are homogenously distributed in the resin matrix.2 These materials have the unique advantage of better abrasion resistance, decreased plaque retention, improved esthetics and decreased crack propagation. In the not so distant future, nanotechnology may lead to the dawn of the age of micro automated surgery. Nano tweezers are already under development which will make individual cell surgery possible.2 Nano-robotic dentifrices (dentifrobots) may be delivered by way of mouthwashes or toothpastes could patrol tooth surfaces and metabolize microorganisms and organic matter.2 Other proposed uses are in tooth renaturalization, cures for dental hypersensitivity, and cosmetics. It is without doubt that this fast developing field has far reaching implications to the field of Dentistry. The far reaching potential of nanotechnology is now making it one of the most important and exciting areas of science.5

Efficient cleaning and shaping of the root canal system, which maintains the original configuration without creating any iatrogenic event such as instrument fracture , external transportation , ledge or perforation is the success in root canal preparation. Different variants of instruments and techniques have been developed and described for this critical stage of root canal treatment.1 With the introduction of Nickel titanium alloy in Endodontics, a new revolution has begun initially with manual instruments and then with rotary instruments. The extraordinary properties of super - elasticity and shape - memory of the Ni - Ti alloy have made a complete transformation in endodontics. This poster takes through the evolution from initial to the latest Ni - Ti rotary file systems used in endodontics.2

Science is presently undergoing a great revolution taking humanity to a new era : Tissue engineering. Tissue engineering is a novel and exciting field that aims to recreate functional health tissues and organs and tissues for patients requiring organ and replacement1. It is used to create, repair and/or replace cells, tissues and organs by using cell and/or combinations of cells with biomaterial and/or biologically active molecules the helps to produce materials which very much resembles to bodies native tissue2. Treatment of immature necrotic teeth is a challenge in endodontics. Regenerative endodontic procedure is introduced as biologically based treatment for such teeth3. Developing predictable protocols would require the use of elements for tissue engineering that is stem cells, bioactive scaffolds, platelet rich fibrin and growth factors. Various clinical application of tissue engineering in endodontics include periapical surgeries, revascularization procedures, regenerative pulpotomy, perforation repair, apexification4. This poster will highlight the various clinical applications of tissue engineering in the field of endodontics.

According to WHO hospitals and outreach centres contribute to provide services to community and should be well managed for the benefit of the community.¹ Their major role is to provide health care services in the most cost effective manner. Our study unit was an outreach centre of a private dental institution as proposed to be established by DCI by the dental institutions.² Objectives of the research were to compute the capital cost and the operating cost of the already operating rural peripheral unit and to conduct and break even analysis of income and expenditure for the same.

Root canal morphology is a critically important part of conventional and surgical endodontics (root canal therapy). Many studies have recorded the scales and average sizes of root canals, but there have been few clinical attempts to determine the working width. In the absence of such that defines the original width and optimally prepared horizontal dimensions of canals, clinicians are making treatment decision without any support of scientific evidence. Most of the research for the root canal instrumentation has not addressed the importance of the horizontal dimensions or working width of the root canal system. In preparing, the long oval or flat canals, the working width concept plays a more critical role that alerts the operator to the possibilities of incomplete root canal preparation. There has been minimal development of concepts, techniques, and technology to measure working width accurately or properly Understanding the current concepts and techniques of working width can help to solidify the concepts & improve techniques of cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. The perspectives on the current concepts and techniques to handle working width -the horizontal dimension of the root canal system and its clinical implications are much needed.

Root canal morphology is a critically important part of conventional and surgical endodontics (root canal therapy). Many studies have recorded the scales and average sizes of root canals, but there have been few clinical attempts to determine the working width. In the absence of such that defines the original width and optimally prepared horizontal dimensions of canals, clinicians are making treatment decision without any support of scientific evidence. Most of the research for the root canal instrumentation has not addressed the importance of the horizontal dimensions or working width of the root canal system. In preparing, the long oval or flat canals, the working width concept plays a more critical role that alerts the operator to the possibilities of incomplete root canal preparation. There has been minimal development of concepts, techniques, and technology to measure working width accurately or properly Understanding the current concepts and techniques of working width can help to solidify the concepts & improve techniques of cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. The perspectives on the current concepts and techniques to handle working width -the horizontal dimension of the root canal system and its clinical implications are much needed.

The goal of endodontic treatment is to clean, shape and fill the root canal space thoroughly to prevent apical and coronal leakage. Gutta-percha has been used in dentistry for over 150 years, and in combination with sealers is the filling material of choice, but can be used in a variety of ways to fill the root canal system. The poster shows two of the obturation techniques and comparison between them. Gutta flow 2 is shown to be superior among the two in comparing there apical microleakage.

The primary objective of the pulp therapy is to maintain the integrity and health of damaged teeth and there supporting tissues. Direct pulp capping involves the application of a medicament, dressing or dental materials to the exposed pulp in an attempt to preserve the vitality. The rationale behind this treatment is to encourage the pulp to initiate the reparative dentin formation at the exposure site. Many materials have been advocated as pulp capping agents. Calcium hydroxide is being accepted as gold standard. A number of newer materials have been advocated as alternative to calcium hydroxide that includes MTA, Geristore, Propolis, Biodentine, Emdogain and Dentin Bonding Agents. These materials overcome the potential disadvantages associated with the calcium hydroxide such as its high solubility, subject to dissolution over time, no inherent adhesive qualities and poor seal. The aim of this poster is to give an insight of these newer materials.

There has been a paradigm shifted in cariology with greater emphasis on promotion of remineralization of early caries using therapeutic agents rather than restorative treatment. This is possible only when caries lesions are detected at an incipient stage at which implementation of caries therapeutic regimes would enable early caries lesions to be remineralized before the need for restorative intervention. Current techniques like visual, tactile and radiographs do not have sufficient sensitivity and specificity not to mention operator bias. New diagnostic modalities allow early lesions of caries to be quantified, thereby creating the opportunity to monitor caries progression, or resolution by remineralization. To implement this concept of preventative approach to the management of caries, it is important to keep abreast of developments in diagnostic systems. The aim of this poster is to give a pictoral review of current techniques for the detection of caries using non-invasive techniques, namely DIFOTI, Diagnodent, Tetra Hertz Image, Optical Coherent Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Microimagin, Multi Photon Imaging and Canary system Caries Detection Methods Based on Changes in Optical Properties between Healthy and Carious teeth.

The introduction of NiTi alloy for hand filing and later the launch of engine driven instruments have significantly altered the canal shaping procedure over past two decades. Several studies have concluded that none of the instrumentation techniques or devices currently used can completely clean root canals, especially curved roots. The thickness of the remaining dentine following intraradicular procedures may be the most important iatrogenic factor that correlates to incoming fracture resistance of the root. Excessive flare of coronal third is not necessary, since flaring could considerably reduce the residual dentin leading to greater susceptibility to vertical root fractures. Moreover, preparation of the apical third can also reduce residual dentin resulting in weakened apical root structure. This is particularly important in a root with an oval cross section. On the other hand, there are other studies that report dentin removal may not necessarily increase the risk of fracture and that there was no significant difference in fracture load between teeth prepared by SS hand instruments or those prepared by Ni-Ti rotary instruments. Regardless of the instrumentation technique, cleaning and shaping procedures invariably lead to dentine removal from the canal walls. Residual dentin thickness of all multitapered rotary and reciprocating instruments and single file rotary instruments show that they remove less dentin as compared to hand instruments.

3D obturation of the root canal is a common desired goal of all methods of root canal treatment. In narrow and round canals this goal can easily be achieved. Nevertheless, oval canals present a challenge that requires some additional considerations. Cleaning and shaping of such oval canals represent the first challenge, as debris remaining in or packed into un-instrumented recesses may prevent adequate 3D adaptation of the root filling to the canal walls. Various methods that are designed to allow effective cleaning of these areas and problems and solutions to achieve good 3D obturation of oval canals will be discussed.

A newly developed self-adjusting file (SAF) was designed to address the shortcomings of traditional rotary files by adjusting itself to the canal cross section. This instrument consists of a compressible opened NiTi tube that, on placement into a root canal, will exert pressure against the canal wall. The SAF is used in an in-and-out motion powered by a handpiece and under constant irrigation. Self-Adjusting file (Re-Dent-Nova, Ra’anana, Israel) which hollow file designed is a novel system among the nickel-titanium files operating in a different manner. It adapts itself to the canal’s original anatomy and shape, longitudinally to a curved canal, as will all rotary nickel-titanium files, especially differently adapts itself to the cross-section of the canal, providing three-dimensional adaptation during the cleaning and shaping process. The SAF represents a new approach in endodontic rotary file design and operation.

Endodontists have frequently boasted they can do much of their work blindfolded simply because there is "nothing to see." The truth of the matter is that there is a great deal to see if only we had the right tools In the last fifteen years for both non-surgical and surgical endodontics, there has been an explosion of new technologies, new instruments and new materials. The most important revolution has been the introduction and then the widespread adoption of the ultrasonics, microsurgical instruments and operating microscope. These developments have improved the precision with which endodontics can be performed. These advances have enabled clinicians to complete procedures which were once considered impossible or which could be performed only by extremely talented or lucky clinicians.
Since the late 1950s, the use of ultrasonic technology has become a staple in endodontic practices around the world for hygiene and periodontal procedures. More recently, endodontists have introduced us to the clinical advantages of their use in root canal therapy, and are just beginning to see their effectiveness for endo-restorative and micro-restorative work. The purpose of this poster is to review the consortium between ultrasonic and magnification.

Today the biological perception of vital pulp therapy associated with deep caries takes into account the treatment and evaluation of the unexposed pulp with the maintenance of a dentine barrier toward the pulp; and the exposed pulp. Traditionally, the indication for the treatment of deep caries has been the same, but the excavation procedures aiming to avoid pulp exposure has been chosen or more pulp invasive treatments such as pulp capping or pulpotomy. There is a treatment variation for patients having a deep caries lesion, which is not optimal. We choose partial or complete caries excavation or we select pulp capping or pulpectomy in adults? The poster aims to discuss the status of vital pulp therapy and deep caries in adults.

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world. It is estimated that 6 million people die every year due to tobacco products, out of which almost 6,00,000 death are of secondary or passive smokers. Smoking is the only legal product that kills on following instruction. Smoking has a 50% mortality rate for its users. Smoking, unlike other deadly products does not restrict its target on the weak & old, but those in their prime are equally affected. An attempt has been made to depict the various products used in both rural & urban areas, with their corresponding consequences in the form of oral potentially malignant & malignant disorders.

Cleaning and disinfection, the greatest challenge in endodontics. Photon induced photoacoustic streaming [ PIPS] – available only with Fontona lasers is a revolutionary method for cleaning and debriding the root canal system using Er:YAG laser energy at sub-ablative power levels. The containment of the shockwaves thoroughly streams the solutions through the entire canal system, enhancing their effectiveness. The canals and subcanals are left clean and the dentinal tubules are free of smear layer. Moreover, with the trend toward more conservative canal preparation and single instrumentation techniques, canal disinfection with an irrigating needle that cannot deliver sufficient volume to the canal terminus, PIPS seems likely to remove the gross canal enlargement impediment. The fact that the PIPS photoacoustic effect does not create thermal damage and will travel 3-dimensionally wherever there is fluid, makes it advantageous as a treatment modality for removing biofilms . Thus an “Entire new standard of care is becoming a reality”.

The success of any prosthodontics treatment modality relies, to a large extent on accurate replication of the substrate. For more than 100 years, impression materials have been optimized for improved replication. However, as good as the enhancements to these impression materials have been, patient comfort in the new millennium is foremost in trend design for dental products. Consequently, digitalization in the area of dental impressions has developed in full earnest. Digital approaches were created to circumvent the traditional obstacles of the existing impression materials. Dedicated digital impression system eliminate cumbersome dental task, such as selecting trays, preparing and using materials , disinfecting impressions and sending impressions to the laboratory. It can be anticipated that software developments and refinements will continue in the areas of scanning and imaging of preparations and laboratory in process images during the creation of restoration.

Light has been used as a therapeutic agent for many centuries. The earliest use of an exogenous photo sensitizer to absorb light and render a therapeutic effect dates back to1400B.C. Since then many potential applications for using light for therapeutic purposes came into the limelight. One such application of use of light energy is the laser science.

Photodynamic therapy also known as photo radiation therapy, photo therapy or photo chemo-therapy involves the use of photoactive dye (photo sensitizer) that is activated by the exposure to light of specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. The transfer of energy from the activated photo sensitizer to available oxygen results in the formation of toxic oxygen species such as singlet oxygen and free radicals. These very reactive species can damage proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other cellular components. Applications of photodynamic therapy are growing rapidly: treatment of premalignant lesions and oral cancer, bacterial and fungal infection therapies and the photodynamic diagnosis of malignant transformation of oral lesions. It also represents a therapeutic approach in management of oral biofilms. The absence of genotoxic and mutagenic effects of photodynamic therapy are an important factor for long term safety.

This poster highlights the mechanism, physics, indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of use of photodynamic therapy pertaining to the oral cavity.

Successful root canal treatment is dependent on effective debridement and shaping of the root canal system. The lack of glide path establishment and enlargement is often the cause of ledge formation, transportation, blockage of root canals followed by obturation short of the apical constricture. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in the root canal anatomy after creation of glide path in mandibular first molars using two different NiTi rotary instruments with stainless steel instruments. This study compared the root canal curvature, working time, centric ability, apical transportation, root canal cross-sectional area and canal volume after creation of glide path using Path Files (PF) and V Glide Path 2 (VGP2) with stainless steel instruments using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). CBCT images were obtained before and after instrumentation at 90µhigh resolution dental mode. The technical outcomes were compared at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7mm intervals. The results were statistically analyzed using t-test and Chi-square test. There was a statistical difference between the root canal curvatures and working time between the two groups (P < 0.05). Canals transported towards the distal side in Group II but there was a slight mesial transportation in group I at 0mm. Group I exhibited a better centric ability except at 1mm interval (P > 0.05). The changes in the volume were statistically significant only at 2mm interval (P < 0.05). The difference in the cross sectional area was not statistically significant at any interval (P > 0.05).

To compare the compressive strength of Nano ionomer with Composite resin and light cure glass ionomer cement.

A post is used to retain the coronal restoration when significant amount of coronal toth structure is mising. Previously rigid metal posts were used which resisted the lateral forces without distortion but resulted in stres transfer to the les rigid dentin causing rot cracking and fracture.

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments are commonly used for endodontic practice to improve root canal preparations. These instruments offer many advantages as they are more flexible and have increased cutting efficiency and superelasticity of these instruments allows the clinicians to produce the desirable tapered root canal form with a reduced tendency to canal transportation. In clinical practice these instruments are associated with an increased risk of fracture, mainly because of failure by fatigue and torsional shear stresses. Recently, NiTi instruments were introduced that advocated the concepts of reciprocation. These are manufactured with M-Wire NiTi alloy. The manufacturer’s claim that the reciprocal motion decreases the impact of cyclic fatigue, reduce the torsional stress by periodically reversing the rotation and increasing the life span of the instrument thus exhibiting superior mechanical properties. They claim to shape the root canal with only one file thus saving time. Thus, it seems that the reciprocatory motion appears to be advantageous as compared to the rotary instrumentation.

Retreatment is an attempt to re-establish healthy periapical tissues after inefficient treatment or reinfection of an obturated canal because of coronal or apical leakage. Aim: To compare the efficacy of R-Endo, Mtwo retreatment and Protaper D Files for the removal of gutt precha using cone beam computed tomography and stereomicroscope.

This poster aims to present the outcome of non – surgical root canal treatment. A review of literature on the methodology and approaches available to assess root canal retreatment outcome are analysed. Strategy for prediction of the prognosis following root canal retreatment and retreatment protocols in the literature are discussed.

One of the most challenging pulpo pathological condition is resorption. Internal and External resorption signifies a complex pathological intraction of cells of pulp periradicular and periodontal tissues. Three case reports describing management of internal and external resorption with two year follow up using CBCT. CBCT is contemporary radiological imaging system in which there is enhance appreciation of the anatomy being assessed hence there is improved detection of the endodontic disease resulting in more effective treatment planning..

What is a glide path? Does it help in root canal procedure? Glide-path is a smooth radicular tunnel from canal orifice to physiologic terminus (foraminal constriction). Its minimal size should be a “super loose No. 10” endodontic file. The Glidepath must be discovered if already present in the endodontic anatomy or prepared if it is not present. Glide path creation is essential for prevention of rotary file separation and most effective rotary use. Creating an.02 tapered glide path is critical for the safe and effective use of nickel-titanium rotary shaping instruments. Glidepath can be further described as a manual glide path created with handfiles, or a mechanical glide path created with rotary files. Routine glide path establishment and enlargement with glide path files can increase the lifespan of rotary instruments with a reduced risk of instrument fracture. Aim is to provide information about glide path with which we can maintain the original canal anatomy with less modification of canal curvature and fewer canal aberrations.

Imaging is an important diagnostic adjunct o the clinical asesment of the dental patient. The introduction of panoramic radiography in the 1960s and its widespread adoption throughout the 1970s and 1980s heralded major progres in dental radiology. However, Intraoral and extraoral procedures, used individualy or in combination, sufer from the same inherent limitations of al planar two-dimensional (2D) projections: magnification, distortion, superimposition, and misrepresentation of structures. Numerous eforts have ben made toward thre-dimensional (3D) radiographic imaging (eg stereoscopy, tuned aperture CT) and although CT has ben available, its application in dentistry has ben limited because of cost, aces, and dose considerations. The introduction of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) specificaly dedicated to imaging the maxilofacial region heralds a true paradigm shift from a 2D to a 3D approach to data acquisition and image reconstruction. CBCT imaging provides comprehensive data and the ability to dynamicaly manipulate that data, viewing anatomy from multiple perspectives. Diagnosis of TMJ condition and disorder or jaw pathology along with the evaluation of orthodontic cases, airways, impacted teth and periodontal defects; use in endodontics & cleft lip cleft palate cases are al faciltated through the use of CBCT imaging. CBCT images can provide cros-sectional (buco-lingual), axial, coronal, sagital, and panoramic views. CBCT can be performed within a 10-40 second range therefore beneficial in extremely uncoperative pediatric patients who are unable to hold stil for a period of time

Secondhand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke refers to the passive inhalation of smoke generated by consumption of various smoked forms of tobacco. The active and passive smoke both almost have similar compositioncontaining over 4000 chemicals, most of them being chemical irritants and carcinogens. Recent scientific research suggests association between various prenatal and postnatal health issues and SHS exposure. Low birth weight and decreased in-utero brain growth are two major proposed effects of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure on child neurodevelopment. Additionally both prenatal and postnatal exposure is remarkably consistent in showing associations with increased incidences of behavioural problems, including irritability, oppositional defiant behaviour, conduct disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Also exposure to secondhand smoke in infants and children is known to cause sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), acute lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, increase in frequency and severity of asthma attacks, respiratory symptoms, including cough, phlegm, wheeze, and breathlessness and increased risk for ear infections. Hence, the suggestive evidences show a causal relationship between secondhand smoke and adverse outcomes in children, straining on the requirement of a smoke-free environment for a healthier future.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the external temperature rise for four different types of thermoplasticized obturation technique using a thermocouple.

Since the late 1950’s the use of ultrasonic technology has become a staple in endodontic practices around the world for hygiene and periodontal procedures. More recently endodontists have introduced us to the clinical advantages of their use in root canal therapy and we are just begining to see their effectiveness for endo-restorative and micro-restorative work. This poster will review the expanded function that ultrasonic technology has taken in root canal therapy; their current clinical uses and advantages in both ultrasonic equipments and tips; and some of the science behind the technology.

Antibiotics have been the miracle drugs of modern medicine that are often prescribed to kill or stop the growth of micro-organisms. As antibiotics possess potential killing and inhibitory properties over bacteria and other microorganisms, when these microorganisms grow the ability to survive with the lethal doses of an antibiotic drugs, it is called Antibiotic Resistance. As every living being in this world either plant or animal is going through and will go through continuous changing in genetic coding, the genetic material of microorganisms is also going through spontaneous changing or mutation. As a result, these bacteria are not only upgrading with new genetic material but also improving their resistance to fight against antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is an environmental or biological pressure for bacteria to keep their existence from extinct. So if a microorganism fails to find out the survival techniques today, the next generation will obviously discover the techniques with improved genetic model and the drugs that we are using now may not work in future.

As the potential drugs are losing effectiveness, the misuse or overuse of these drugs may lead us to a day when we will not find any alternative to stop these microorganisms.

The endodontist is in dilemma today because of single-file systems. Use of only one instrument to shape and clean root canals is very useful and easy knowledge regarding the properties and working of these single-file systems are few. Two different concepts of these single-file systems are in endodontics, one instruments which are used in a reciprocal motion and are made of a special nickel-titanium alloy called alpha M-wire and instruments made of conventional NiTi alloy used in a full clockwise rotation. The poster aims to compare their shaping ability, safety, and cleaning effectiveness.

The objective of this poster is to present the effectiveness of combined therapy of cancer utilizing radiation, chemotherapy, and hyperthermia only, avoiding the surgical modality. Hyperthermia can kill cells directly, but it’s more important use is in combination with other treatments for cancer. Hyperthermia increases blood flow to the warmed area, doubling the perfusion in tumors, which enhances the delivery of medications. Hyperthermia also increases oxygen delivery to the area, which may make radiation more likely to damage and kill cells, as well as prevent cells from repairing the damage induced during the radiation session.

This poster deals with the principles, indications, advantages, disadvantages of this new revolutionary technology in the treatment of oral cancer

Complete obliteration of the root canal system and development of a fluid tight seal are among the most important factors of success endodontic treatment. Most endodontic failures are due to inadequate cleaning and shaping or insufficient obturation. Endodontic surgery is thought to be a therapy of last resort and has advanced in recent years to increase the clinician ability to achieve more predictably successful clinical outcomes. But with the advent of MTA, BIODENTINE AND BIOCERAMIC endodontic surgery can be bypassed. When used they stimulates the healing of periradicular tissue to almost normal condition. Thus it shows favourable sealing ability against leakage and superior marginal adaptability.

The temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a heterogeneous group of painful musculoskeletal conditions that include masticatory muscle pain. TMD is a common condition but its etiology is poorly understood. Although TMD can be quite disabling, most patients presenting with symptoms improve regardless of treatment type. In the past year, physical therapy has been increasingly advocated as a standard part of the multidisciplinary approach in treating temporomandibular disorders. The primary role of physical therapy in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic pain is aimed at functional physical restoration . Within the sphere of practice, we as oral physicians have to expertise to advocate a wide choice of physical agents (frequently referred to as physical modalities) that may be used to attenuate pain.

This poster focuses on the physiotherapeutic management of TMDs

Diagnostic procedures play an indispensable role in delivering efficient and quality treatment to the patient. Successful management of endodontic problems is reliant on diagnostic techniques to provide critical information about teeth under investigation and their surrounding anatomy. Various imaging techniques overcome the limitations of radiographs that are 2D representation of 3D structures, so as to accurately reflect the anatomy and morphology of the teeth. The introduction of various imaging modalities like CBCT, MRI, Swift MRI and advances in the imaging equipment heralds a true paradigm shift from 2D to 3D approach to data acquisition and imaging reconstruction. Recent advances in these imaging modalities have created a revolution in maxillofacial imaging expanding its role from diagnosis to image guidance of operative and surgical process. With the aim of making The Invisible – Visible, we are bringing to you the recent advances in the Imaging world revolutionizing dentistry.

Fabrication of dental prosthesis is a complex process. To provide a comfortable prosthesis to the patient is a not an easy task. Articulators are an integral instrument which helps prosthodontist to provide prosthesis that is harmonious with the temporomandibular system. Today prosthodontist have a wide range of articulators to select from, with their individual advantages and limitations. This poster helps to understand the origin of this instrument in the light for need for modification.

Ozone is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope (O2). Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, far more stronger than O2. Gingivitis and periodontitis are characterized by a local hypoxia of tissues and also by presence of various microbial florae. Both gaseous and aqueous ozone application may have potential as an adjunct to mechanical treatment in periodontitis patients. The beneficial biological effects of ozone, its anti-microbial activity, oxidation of microbial toxins implicated in periodontal diseases, immune modulating, healing and tissue regeneration properties, makes the use of ozone well indicated in all stages of gingival and periodontal diseases. The use of ozone around implants shows that ozone not only effectively sterilizes the surfaces of both the implant and bone, but also switches on the reparative mechanisms allowing tissue regeneration around implant surfaces. Irrigation of surgical site with ozonated water speeds healing and reduce possibility of infection. The treatment is completely painless and increases the patients' acceptability and compliance with minimal adverse effects. This poster highlights the applications of Ozone therapy as a novel approach to treatment of periodontal diseases offering an alternative to conventional treatment.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) is one of the top killers & is responsible for 3-10% of mortality rate worldwide. Although tobacco and alcohol are the key etiological factors for 3/4th of the cancers, the reason for 1/4th of the cases remains masked. There is growing evidence that Human Papillomavirus( HPV) may act as a co-carcinogen, along with tobacco in the causation of oral cancers. Overexpression of p16 has been demonstrated to be strongly related to the presence of HPV.

The most frequently encountered disease in pediatric dental practice is DENTAL CARIES. Pedodontists aim to detect caries as early as possible and treat it by minimally invasive techniques .Progression of caries in primary teeth is faster than in permanent teeth and therefore a fast, accurate and non invasive diagnostic aid is imperative in pediatric dentistry practice. Present imaging techniques have limitations in that, they cannot capture images of non-cavitated lesions on the tooth surface. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non invasive, non destructive cross sectional imaging technique that can provide 2D or 3D images with resolution as low as the single micron level. The scans can quantitatively and qualitatively visualize and document the process of demineralization and remineralization of carious lesions.OCT can not only promote early detection of caries at incipient stage but monitor its regression with therapeutic agents or improved oral hygiene thereby quantifying process of remineralization. It thus determines the effectiveness of preventive measures by quantitatively monitoring the changes in mineral status of the caries over time. Visual indication and quantification of the progress in the treatment acts as a motivation factor for the patient for adopting and following an improved oral hygiene regime and return for regular recall visit. The e-poster aims to shed light on this device that can meet the challenges of prevention and early intervention in minimally invasive dentistry.

Abstract
The practice of quackery makes a mockery of dentists and dentistry. Quackery is a derogatory term used to describe the fraudulent misinterpretation of the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. A quack could be a self styled expert, making himself out to be the director or president of an important sounding scientific society. Quacks basic tools are incompetence and fraud. The various reasons behind quackery could be 1, Shortage of trained practitioners 2, Expensive treatment plans provided by licensed dentists 3, Absence of primary health care approach in dentistry 4, Poor dentist –patient ratio in the rural population and 5, Lack of awareness. In this e- poster we will throw light on the basic definitions related to quackery and also at the same time highlight the most common practices of quackery in the Indian scenario of dentistry in relation to the various branches of dentistry.
Keywords : Quack; Street Dentistry; Quackery; Quackery in different Branches of Dentistry.

In recent years, progress in understanding and regulating the natural immune system has led to the research and development of new treatments for blood cancers called immunotherapies. For example, the beneficial effects of stem cell transplantation, for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, myeloma and other blood cancers, is related to the attack of donor immune cells on the recipient’s blood cancer cells.
This observation has led to more research to learn how immune cells might help us to treat cancer. This fact sheet provides information about the different types of immunotherapies and their roles in the treatment of blood cancers. Immunotherapies are relatively new and promising treatment options for patients with blood cancers. Their development is based on the concept that immune cells or their products, such as antibodies, can be engineered to recognize and kill cancer cells. Monoclonal antibody therapy, donor lymphocyte infusion, vaccine therapy and immune cell-stimulating cytokine therapy are types of immunotherapies that are in use or under study to determine their effectiveness in fighting cancers. Immunotherapies could be less toxic to patients than chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Radiation therapy and most chemotherapy works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells. These therapies generally damage the DNA in normal cells also. This can lead to toxicity or side effects for the patient.

Multidisciplinary approach is a multidimensional and multidirectional effort for a sole goal - the upliftment of an individual, society, nation and the world.
Our poster depicts how every organization starting from the medical fraternity to the NGO's, CRY, WHO, UNICEF etc. unite together to study and manage children with active progression and for advanced diseases in whom the oral health care has been, compromised either by the disease directly or by its treatment. The focus of care is quality of life. This is done through expert management of pain; through physical, social, emotional & spiritual support services offering the patient & family specialized counseling to help them cope with the result from dealing with a serious illness or condition. The past two decades have seen palpable changes in the mindset of healthcare providers and policymakers with respect to the urgency of providing palliative care. Developing and promoting all the eras of palliative care in a community setup is a must. There is a need to increase the awareness among the community with regard to child’s oral health and it's role at the end stage of any chronic illness, which is best provided using an integrated multidisciplinary approach.

In INDIA a system has to be put in place that allows the caregivers to assess children with progressive debilitating conditions including a process for timely referral to the pediatric dentist to realize the goal of improving the overall health of the child.

TOGETHER WE CAN AND WE WILL MAKE A DIFFERENCE.

Having all good teeth is a great borne and god’s gift”. Anterior teeth preserve both function and aesthetic. Mutilation of these units either in isolation or group disrupts the facial integrity. When this happens at such a early age of two and half years it possess a challenge to a pedodontist as it amounts to restructuring of the individual unit on the poor foundation. Various attempts have been carried out earlier by using post, pins and loops etc.which have their inherent disadvantages like bonding, to existing tooth structure and thus the retention. An attempt has been made to restructure the lost units with the help of fiber-reinforced glass fibers and composites.

What do we understand by the word vision? Why is it necessary to know about it? Well, because it is a visual perception, a physical mechanism of eyesight which helps us to exhilarates ourselves and achieve better results in all walks of life. It affermates the scope of improvement. Cognitive approach and management, Use of esthetic materials and precautionary measures change the perception for a better smile. “A smile is a curve that sets everything straight”, therefore the use of esthetic materials such as Ormocers, Nano-composites, Art glass result in a better finish, gives the tooth a natural appearance and increases the longevity of the restoration. Preformed crowns such as: transparent strip crowns, polycarbonates, acrylic jackets, celluloids and veneered resin crowns, Flexi-dentures and Smile designing helps in preservation of the deranged function and improves esthetics. Hence if an organized approach is used to evaluate, diagnose and resolve esthetic problems, it will surely result in a better smile.

Abstract

The quack in essence is an unethical practitioner who has no scientific professional education in the field.Shortage of competent and trained practitioners cause untrained individuals to step in to supply the need. The lower socioeconomic groups are the victims due to their inability to afford otherwise expensive dental treatment.These untrained individuals perform various dental procedures on the roadside or mobile tormenting the rural masses and causing widespread harm.Lack of sterilisation during the unwarranted procedures leads to infections,transmission of infectious diseases,carcinoma and even death. The mass havoc created by them has to be put to an end and stringent measures have to be executed to curb this growing menace at the earliest.

Keywords: quackery, street dentists.

How to cite this article: P Shashank, P Shankargouda, R Roopa S, A Anveeta. The Under World Denistry. Dent Poster J 2013; 2(4):1.
Source of support: Nil. Conflict of interest: None declared.

Management of children in a dental clinic is an intricate balancing act involving the child, parents and the entire dental health team. A child’s cognitive level, temperaments, fears and attachment to parents all contribute to his ability to tolerate the dental procedures. Toddlers are expected to throw temper tantrums but older children also at times have difficulty in handling fear, anger and rejections. Regulating emotions and managing behavior takes time to develop. Disruptive behavior can interfere significantly with providing quality care thus resulting in increased delivery time and risk of injury to the child. Efficiently managing children presents a great challenge as successful treatment is also a failure on dentist’s part if the child departs in tears. But with effective behavior management techniques every child can co-operate. Hence behavior management approaches must be rooted with empathy and concern for each child which when achieved is the greatest reward for the dentist.

Canines play a vital role in facial appearance, dental esthetics, arch development and functional occlusion. Disturbances in the eruption of permanent maxillary canines are common because they develop deep within the maxilla and have the longest path to travel compared with any other tooth in the oral cavity. The maxillary canine is second only to the mandibular third molar in its frequency of impaction the prevalence is about 1.5% and the canine becomes ectopic more often palatally than buccally with over double the frequency.

ABSTRACT
Grossing of surgical pathology specimens forms the utmost importantstep in processing the tissue leading to the diagnosis. It forms atriad between the patient, the pathologist and the surgeon. Thepath

ABSTRACT
Oral health is an integral part of the overall health and well being of children and care should be taken about it in routine screening. Pediatrician are considered to be in a unique position to contribute to the oral health of the young patients because of the early age at which children are brought to their offices and their influence on parents. The roots of oral diseases especially dental caries are established during infancy and early prevention and intervention is required. Pediatricians play a crucial role in maintenance of oral health. Health screening, anticipatory guidance and physical examination of all children especially those with special healthcare needs should be regularly carried out by pediatricians and advised to visit to a pedodontist whenever required. The factors which affect the preventive dentistry performance are the knowledge and function of the pediatricians. Pediatricians can increase their knowledge and skills in oral health and incorporate oral health into everyday pediatric primary care. Bridging the gap between pediatricians and pedodontists can lead to healthy future.

ABSTRACT
Oral health care delivery still requires a major improvement in majority of the rural areas of India. Community dental services are basically designed to improve the quality of life for community residents, particularly low-income and rural individuals or to solve particular problems related to their needs through practical and flexible approaches. This is done mostly through identifying disparities in health and barriers to achieving optimal oral health. India has around 80,000 villages without electricity and 25,000-odd among them have little chance of being connected to the power grid in the conventional way. Even after earnest efforts to provide quality oral health care to these underprivileged villages, the lack of a suitable source of energy to run a mobile dental van here shines as the biggest pitfall. To overcome this problem a solar energy powered mobile dental van can be fabricated which can work without power supply and is best suited for these remote areas

ABSTRACT
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), also known as photoradiation therapy, phototherapy, or photochemo-therapy, involves the use of a photoactive dye (photosensitizer) that is activated by exposure to light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. The transfer of energy from the activated photosensitizer to available oxygen results in the formation of toxic oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen and free radicals. These very reactive chemical species can damage proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cellular components. Applications of PDT in dentistry are growing rapidly: the treatment of oral cancer, bacterial and fungal infection therapies. It is also used in the field of periodontics for elimination of various microorganisms responsible for causing periodontal disease.

ABSTRACT
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) encompasses a complicated group of hereditary conditions that cause developmental alterations in the structure of the enamel in the absence of a systemic disorder. AI prim

ABSTRACT
The most common treatments for correcting lingual interposition involve removable or fixed palatine plate, palatine plate associated with rapid maxillary expansion or use of fixed lingual spur. Removable appliances such as retainers and habit reminders or fixed appliances such as spur and palatine plate need a laboratorial phase for being made, which increases cost and time. In order to reduce these, the present article describes a new method for correcting these malocclusions by using lingual bonded hooks.

ABSTRACT
Oral malignancies, often presents a clinical diagnostic challenge to dental practitioner, particularly in early stages of development. Carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx are not difficult to diagnose once they have become symptomatic. By recognising and establishing a diagnosis of oral cancer development in its early phase, the clinician can help the patient greatly increases his or her chances for cure and a normal life. So there is a need for more accurate diagnostic tools that can detect early lesions and determine either the potentially malignant or the benign nature of lesions. Conventional oral examination, biopsy and histopathological examination are routinely employed precedures in the detection of oral malignancies. Apart from these conventional procedures there are several adjunctive techniques such as vital staining, brush/liquid based cytology and light based detection system helps in facilitationg the detection and distinction between benign, premalignant and malignant lesions.

ABSTRACT
Role of Ayurveda & Yoga in prevention & management of cancers Swaasthasya Swaasthyarakshanam Aathurasya Rogaprashamanam From Ayurvedic perspective, cancer is the result of the body’s reaction against the natural balance of the body. Ayurveda suggests that individuals should follow “Swasth Vrita” which means “healthy circle” routines that takes into consideration physical, mental and emotional aspects of humans making way to perfect health. The principles adopted by Ayurveda towards health and the preventive measures adopted in dealing with cancer and such innumerable life threatening diseases show that one can play a critical role in enhancing one’s own state of well-being. There are two aspects of usage of ayurvedic therapies one that uses the age old remedies in its original formulations while the other which is trying to decipher the molecular aspects of these drugs. Yoga as a way of life, including diet and lifestyle as well as Yogasanas, pranayama and meditation, seems able to impact cancer in many different ways with patients going into long-term remission from cancer. Detailed insights into effects of holistic Yoga therapies on specific mechanisms of cancer generation should provide understanding of Yoga’s potential contribution to cancer prevention and remission.