ABSTRACT

Commentary:
An optimal dental care requires, an appropriate patient to operator positioning, which in turn can be comprehended through the field of Ergonomics¹. A failure to maintain a good patient to operator, could lead to the operator experiencing discomfort in their hands, back, and shoulders, which in turn could affect the treatment quality². On the long term such discomfort could increase the risk of several musculoskeletal disorders^3,4. Therefore, understanding the science of ergonomics is required to obtain comfortable working environment which improve the operator efficiency thereby enhancing overall treatment⁵.

Keywords: Ergonomics, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Lower Back Pain

How to cite this article: Rathod S, Aher G, Gulve M, Kolhe S.- Ergonomics in endodontics , PosterJ 2020; 9(1):23.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.045

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) has got poor survival rate when associated with lymph node involvement and metastasis. In spite of advanced methods of treatment, mortality rate of OSCC is high1-3. The mortality of OSCC is the reflection of metastasis, which complicates the management of a case. Metastasis is the process of dissemination of tumour cells through the circulation which finally get deposited and proliferate to form secondary tumours at a distant site4,5. Hence, this intermediate step of tumour cells getting into circulation is an important preliminary step of metastasis. So, early detection and characterization of these Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) can be important as a broad-spectrum strategy to monitor, prevent development and manifestation of metastatic disease there by improving the prognosis2,6,7. This review aims at understanding the mechanism of CTC, role of detecting CTC in improving prognosis of OSCC, and to understand the recent advances and application of CTC in OSCC.

Keywords: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ; Circulating Tumour Cells; Metastasis

How to cite this article: Kokila G, Bharateesh JV, Mahalakshmi S, Likhithaswamy HR. Circulating tumour cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma-Dent PosterJ 2020; 9(1):1.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.023

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
Digitized technologies have overwhelmed civilization with countless and stunning applications in unlimited aspects of life¹. Digitized procedures have recently been linked with dental practice through computer-based technology which aids in accurate and early diagnosis and treatment planning. The invention of intraoral camera has made possible to improve diagnostic expertise as magnified oral conditions are better viewed and also motivates the patients for treatment planning and patient education. In recent years lasers have stormed into every aspect of life². Digital applications are progressively increasing in dentistry and becoming essential tools in the field of education and research related to the clinical and dental practice. There are various digital applications like digital photographs, radiographs together with the use of virtual articulators or for the processing of restorations with the use of CAD/CAM technology. In the end, it can be concluded digital innovations have unquestionably disrupted dentistry^3,4.

Keywords: Digital technologies, CAD/CAM, Virtual Articulators

How to cite this article: Dua R, Garewal R, Sikri A, Nayyar P.- Digital Rebellion – New Era Dentistry , PosterJ 2020; 9(1):11.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.033

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
Periodontal disease, a prevailing oral disease, is caused by oral microbe induced inflammation. The sustained inflammatory response to the microbial antigenic stimuli leads to progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. Conventional diagnostic methods including radiographs, allow the detection of periodontitis only when there is sufficient loss of the periodontium. At this stage, any treatment strategy would struggle to halt the disease progression. Thus, novel diagnostic tools capable of detecting subtle periodontal changes are required to infer early diagnosis and treatment^1,2,3.
The past decade has developed several diagnostic tools to aid in monitoring the periodontal status using saliva and the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). The point of care (POC) diagnostics, is one such endeavor that allows rapid chair-side tests to diagnose periodontal disease using salivary and GCF samples. The present poster is an attempt to highlight the advantages of some of the point of care diagnostic kits and their possible limitations.

Keywords: Periodontitis; The point of care testing; Rapid chairside tests

How to cite this article: Thomas S.- Point of care testing in periodontal diagnosis- A new frontier- A Road Map, PosterJ 2020; 9(2):14.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.066

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
Successful periapical surgery mandates the elimination of periapical infection and a good apical seal¹. The apical region of the root canal has the maximum lateral canals that may act as portal of entry for the ingress of irritants. During periapical surgery, the apical 3mm is resected and prepared to receive a retrograde filling material. Root end filling is the procedure through which an inert material is packed into the root canal via a retrograde approach². The desirable characteristics of a root end filling material include biocompatibility, non-resorbable, radiopaque, easy to manipulate and capable of being closely adapted to the dentinal walls of the retrograde cavity³. Conventionally, amalgam, glass ionomer cement, super EBA were used as retrograde filling materials. Research has led to development of various newer biomimetic materials based on calcium silicate cements. The earliest of these was mineral trioxide aggregate. Newer materials include Biodentine, and Bioceramics like Endosequence and Bioaggregate. The present poster highlights the various retrograde filling materials used in dentistry.

Keywords:Bioceramics; Biodentine; Retrograde Filling Materials; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

How to cite this article: Saxena A.K, Gupta A, Tomer A.K.- Retrograde Filling Materials - Soldiers of Apex, PosterJ 2020; 9(2):13.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.065

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
Cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases disturb the bodily mechanism of an individual, causing a devastating impact on a global scale. Therefore, the diagnosis of such diseases at an early pace is important. An early diagnosis relies on both a thorough clinical evaluation and precise laboratory investigations. Most clinical samples are collected through invasive procedures. The past decade has seen a surge in the development of non-invasive salivary diagnostic¹. In addition to local changes with the oral cavity, the salivary samples have also shown to exhibit alteration in response to several systemic diseases including cancer. They have also been used in forensics to screen for drugs².

Keywords: Point of care diagnostics, Saliva, Oral disease, LIAM, Lateral Flow Test, VerOFy^®, Super•SAL

How to cite this article: Saikia J, Das D.- Lite image analysis module: ‘A boon in the field of salivary diagnosis’, PosterJ 2020; 9(2):11.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.063

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
3D printing is the process of making a solid object from a three-dimensional digital image by laying down many thin layers of building material¹. It is also called additive manufacturing. Various methods of 3D printing in dentistry are stereolithography, photopolymer jetting, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, etc².
Steps involved in 3D printing are: (1) obtaining a 2D image using an intraoral camera/scanner. (2) converting a 2D image into a 3D image using the CAD software. (3) making 3D printed models using additive printers.

Keywords: CAD Software; 3D Printing; Dentistry; Endodontics

How to cite this article: Ziauddin N.M, Borthakur B. J, Swathika B, Ganesan S.- 3D printing- A futuristic tool , PosterJ 2020; 9(2):10.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.062

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
The use of Dental Implants to treat complete and partial edentulous spaces has become an integral treatment modality in restorative dentistry. The basis for planning up an implant placement depends upon a clinical examination of the patient and by radiological evaluation. The main objective of diagnostic imaging is to assess bone quality and quantity which serves as a basic foundation for placing an implant¹. Diagnostic imaging is categorized into 3 phases: pre-prosthetic/pre-surgical implant imaging, surgical & interventional implant imaging, and post-prosthetic implant imaging. The imaging modalities range from analog which uses x-ray films to intensifying screens as receptors for visualization of images to digital and two-dimensional imaging which provides us information of the height and width of the bone in that region, tentatively². Further, three-dimensional imaging helps us to assess not only height and width but also depth/thickness of the particular area³. So in the current era of imaging, the practitioner plans up the imaging modality accordingly which gives them complete information before implant placement. In this poster presentation, we present the different implant imaging modalities with advantages and disadvantages, so the dentists get a brief overview of the same.

Keywords:Dental Implants, Implant Imaging, 2-Dimensional Imaging, 3-Dimensional Imaging

How to cite this article: Niyaz A, Hameed S.- Introduction to Imaging in Dental Implants- A Road Map, PosterJ 2020; 9(2):12.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.064

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
COVID-19 protocols and guidelines are intended to direct the public towards health awareness, disease control. These protocols aid the health care workers¹ (HCW) and medical professionals to effectively halt the disease spread in the society. Moving on to the health security and home care for patients under the suspicion of COVID-19, presenting with signs and symptoms, more precautions have to be taken for proper sanitation to prevent infection with the COVID-19 virus². Other recommended measures include self-hygiene, including immune boosters through diet, proper garbage disposal, house sanitation, etc. A person suffering from mild symptoms where hospitalization may not be recommended due to overstressing on the health care sector. If the patients have systemic disorders, or immunocompromised conditions, where the risk rate of infection and COVID- 19 related complications are higher, further protective measures, early diagnosis, and treatment planning are of utmost importance.

Keywords: COVID-19; Health Care Worker; Sanitation

How to cite this article: Jayachandran S.- Start treasuring your health from home-post lockdown precautions, PosterJ 2020; 9(2):8.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.060

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
Radiography in dentistry helps to visualize structures that are unseen with naked eye. Various advancements have been made in the field of radiography; one such development is Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)¹. Introduction of CBCT in endodontics have made transition from 2-dimensional to a 3-dimensional approach in image acquisition. It helps clinician to view slices of data in volumetric plane². It is used in evaluation and management of complex endodontic conditions like vertical root fracture, understand aberrant root and canal anatomy. It helps to determine horizontal root fractures, the degree and displacement related to luxation injuries. Bony defects can be demonstrated separately³. Presence of undiagnosed lesion and healing of periapical lesion can be determined better with CBCT as compared to conventional radiography⁴.

Keywords: Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Diagnosis, Endodontics, Imaging

How to cite this article: Pandey S, Gulve M, Kolhe S, Aher G.- CBCT in Endodontics, PosterJ 2020; 9(1):18.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.040

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
Tissue engineering is a reassuring approach for dentin-pulpal complex regeneration. Tissue regeneration consists of three factors: stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. The scaffold is an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) which serves as a template for cell growth and tissue regeneration¹. Required properties of scaffolds are they ought to be biocompatible, biodegradable, have specific physical and mechanical properties, and have to mimic the in-vivo environment. According to shape, scaffolds are of two types: preformed scaffolds and injectable scaffolds. Preformed scaffolds have the previous form whereas injectable scaffolds can be injected into destined space and form shape of in situ structure². Considering tiny form and size of the root canals injectable scaffolds are additionally appealing than that of preformed ones in endodontics³. Recently certain bio-inductive materials are added into synthetic scaffolds for obtaining superior outcomes.

Keywords: Endodontics; Injectable Scaffolds; Regenerative Endodontics; Tissue Engineering

How to cite this article: Pawar P. A, Gulve M. N, Kolhe S. J, Aher G. B.- Advanced injectable scaffold system: signpost for development in endodontic tissue regeneration., PosterJ 2020; 9(2):9.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.061

Conflict of interest: None declared

ABSTRACT

Commentary:
Breastfeeding bestows long term and short term benefits on both the child as well as the mother which has beneficial effects on the development of an infant's oral cavity. Many studies reveal that infants who are breastfed regularly are less prone to have caries in their first months of life than an infant who is not breastfed regularly¹. Successful breastfeeding means proper swallowing and latch-on by an infant. The proper breastfeeding position, “Latch-on”, they are the cradle hold, the cross over the hold, clutch hold and reclining position. So during an effective “Latch-on” tongue extends over the lower gum pad by drawing from both areola tissue and nipple into the mouth. This creates a tight seal and the lip flanges outward over the areole tissues. When the seal remains intact, the infant obtains milk by using a peristaltic motion of tongue to compress the flattened breast nipple against palate which moves the milk towards the throat and helps the infant to swallow and to gain nutrition. This normal swallowing habit helps to set a pattern for correct normal swallow habits into adulthood².

Keywords: Breastfeeding; Infant Oral Hygiene; Latch On

How to cite this article: Harshitha K , Rao A.H.T, Bhat S.S, Shajahan T.- Feed right for your baby’s smile!, PosterJ 2020; 9(2):7.

Source of support: Nil.

DOI: 10.15713/ins.dpj.059

Conflict of interest: None declared

The main objective of the poster is highlighting the importance of incorporating healthier choice symbols in cariogenic foods in India.

It is said that "Its the sound of the drill that sends chills down the spine." The main concern for a dentist is patients anxiety and fear to drills and anesthesia

Several generations of bonding systems have been formulated during the last few decades¹.

In recent times there have been significant technological advancements to facilitate root canal cleaning and shaping.¹

SDR is a posterior composite for dentin replacement combining the handling properties of a flowable composite with minimal shrinkage stress, with superior aesthetic and tooth supporting properties.

This poster explains overall behavior can bring about changes in oral health behavior which can lead to very good oral health maintenance.

Through this poster we are trying to spread awareness about a specialized pediatric dental clinic setup which can be accessible for Children with SHCN.

Periapical lesions develop as sequelae to pulpal diseases. Periapical radiolucencies are the most pronounced clinical hallmark of these lesions. Treatment of periapical lesions can be surgical or non-surgical¹.

Clinical use of composite restorations has increased substantially over the past few years due to increased aesthetic demands by patients, improvements in formulation & simplification of bonding procedures.

This poster proposes a conceptual model called “Bicycle model” which if inculcated in our specialty would help in redefining public health dentistry in India and ultimately fulfilling our role as a public health dentist. India being a vast country, delivering oral health care to all sections of the society is a challenge in itself.

The dental home is the ongoing relationship between the dentist and the patient, inclusive of all aspects of oral health care delivered in a comprehensive, continuously accessible, coordinated, and family-centered way.

Glide-path is a smooth radicular tunnel from the canal orifices to the physiologic terminus. Its minimal size should be a super loose No.10 endodontic file. The glide-path must be discovered if already present in the endodontic anatomy or prepared if it is not present⁽¹⁾.

Dentistry is a foremost healing profession. In today’s world, it is very necessary to understand the importance of being eco-friendly in every facet of life, including dental practice which has a huge impact on the environment due to the large amount of waste generated by various dental procedures along with excessive use of water and electricity, thus specifically emphasising the thrust to move towards Green Dentistry.¹

Dental amalgam has served as an excellent and versatile restorative material for many years, despite periods of controversy.
For the present, amalgam should remain the material of choice for economic direct restoration of posterior teeth. All alternative restorative materials and procedures, however, have certain limitations. The importance of direct-placement, aesthetic, tooth - colored restorative materials is still increasing. Amalgam restorations are being replaced because of alleged adverse health effects and inferior aesthetic appearance.
As the value of amalgam restorations is increasingly being questioned in modern dentistry, the clinical potential of amalgam restorations in general has been evaluated. The longevity of dental restorations is dependent on many factors, including those related to materials, the dentist, and the patient. Dental amalgams have successfully served the profession for over a century. Both factors will likewise influence the longevity of any new restorative concepts. Nevertheless, amalgam restorations remain the standard against which alternative materials are evaluated.

Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating matter which is measured in billionths of a meter.1 The premise of Nanotechnology is to manipulate atoms and molecules to construct a three dimensional product.2 With the integration of this technology a new field of dentistry and dental materials has emerged. It is known as nanodentistry.3 A multitude of applications have been put forth some of which have already been implemented and others that are on the horizon of practical achievability. This poster describes some aspects of nanodentistry. The first field that the poster describes is the surface modification of implants. The process of plasma laser deposition and radiofrequency sputtering are employed for this purpose. These technologies promote a homogenous surface deposition with minimal porosity and prevent the delamination of the coating. This addresses some of the limitations of the plasma spraying process. Despite such surface modifications showing promising results in enhancing osseointegration, a practitioner must thoroughly research long term outcomes of such modifications before inculcating them into regular practice.4 Bone replacement materials are already manufactured using nanotechnology. Hydroxyapetite nanoparticles have been used to treat bone defects.2 The benefits claimed by manufacturers are rapid collagen formation, rapid achievement of maximum strength and optimal modeling properties. Nanocomposites and ceramic materials have been in use for a considerable amount of time. Manufacturers successfully created non-agglomerated discrete nanoparticles that are homogenously distributed in the resin matrix.2 These materials have the unique advantage of better abrasion resistance, decreased plaque retention, improved esthetics and decreased crack propagation. In the not so distant future, nanotechnology may lead to the dawn of the age of micro automated surgery. Nano tweezers are already under development which will make individual cell surgery possible.2 Nano-robotic dentifrices (dentifrobots) may be delivered by way of mouthwashes or toothpastes could patrol tooth surfaces and metabolize microorganisms and organic matter.2 Other proposed uses are in tooth renaturalization, cures for dental hypersensitivity, and cosmetics. It is without doubt that this fast developing field has far reaching implications to the field of Dentistry. The far reaching potential of nanotechnology is now making it one of the most important and exciting areas of science.5

The human body is a very complex biological system which comprises of molecules hence, the availability of molecular nanotechnology will permit dramatic progress to address medical problems and will use molecular knowledge to maintain and improve human health at the molecular scale. Greatness does not come from size on the other hand surprises come from small packages .Nanotechnology is rapidly developing subdivision that affects many fields. Medicine is also influenced by nanotechnology. Nanomaterials are of interest from a fundamental point of view because with new materials, come new properties, which result in new opportunities for technological and commercial development, and applications of nanoparticles have been proposed in areas as diverse as microelectronics, coatings and paints, and biotechnology. From these applications has come the development of nano-pharmaceuticals, nanosensors, nanoswitches, and nanodelivery systems. Nanotechnology offers advances particularly in each and every field of human activity such as electronics, industry, telecommunications, environmental science, medical and health care sciences etc. Since 1990s, nanotechnology has been exploited for potential medical and dental applications. Nanotechnology holds promise for advanced diagnostics, targeted drug delivery and biosensors. It is based on the idea of creating functional structures by controlling atoms and molecules on a one-by-one basis. What makes nano-particles interesting and bestows unique features upon them is the fact that their size is smaller than the critical lengths defining many physical events. Dentistry is undergoing yet another change to benefit mankind, this time by transforming itself to the nano-dentistry. Preventive dentistry has also utilized the same concept to develop the nano-materials for inclusion in a variety of oral healthcare products. However, due to insufficient evidence on potential hazards on human health and environment, nanotechnology has become a controversial issue. It is documented that nanomaterials can enter the human body through several routes and can pose a threat to human health by interacting with the DNA. Although the effect of nanotechnology on dentistry is limited to the use of currently available materials, rapidly progressing investigations will ensure that developments that seem unbelievable today are possible in the future. The future utilization of the advantages of nanotechnology will facilitate improvements in oral health.

Dental health requirements have evolved substantially over the years. Various reasons maybe attributed to this development especially in the 21st century. Changes in food habits, environmental manifestations, genetic mutations, as well as behavioral trait variations have played an important role in manifesting dental diseases. Dental care is a very important part of our modern life.

Nuclear medicine imaging is one of the latest and cutting-edge innovations in maxillofacial diagnosis. Nuclear medicine imaging often play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
The artificial manufacture of gamma ray emitting isotopes like gallium-67 or Tc99m and development of gamma scintillation cameras has made the diagnostic modality of radio nucleotide a reality. This modality allows for dynamic visualization of basic uptake and secretion from many of tissues of human body. This technique can be used to detect areas of increased metabolism, termed as hot spot or areas of decreased metabolism called as cold spot. This technology is used in detection of metastatic tumors, salivary gland pathologies, TMJ tumors and lymphatic pathology.
Newer imaging techniques such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are being used more frequently in the evaluation of head and neck cancer. PET can be used in pretreatment staging process, during radiotherapy planning and in the post treatment work-up.
The aim of this poster is to portray the applications of Nuclear medicine in the oral and maxillofacial diagnosis as well as their merits and demerits.

As one of the most demanding tasks facing the restorative dentist, planning and executing an occlusal rehabilitation should not be undertaken lightly. The stakes are high and failure is costly. Treatment planning decisions should be undertaken on the basis of scientific evidence, where this is available, or on the basis of documented experience where it is not. Identify the major biological and clinical considerations used when planning an occlusal rehabilitation. As one of the most demanding tasks facing the restorative dentist, planning and executing an occlusal rehabilitation should not be undertaken lightly. The aim was to present a case of occlusion rehabilitation in a patient with multiple carious teeth and few grossly decayed teeth. A 21 yr old female patient had grossly decayed 36,45, 46 and had class -I caries in her 26, 27 16,17. Root canal treatment was done in 36, 45, 46, Followed by Glass Fibre Post in 45. Then Full crown coverage was given in all the teeth treated. Finally composite restoration was done w.r.t 26, 27, 16, 17.

Ozone has been successfully used in Medicine for over a hundred years due to its microbiological effects. Its use has been investigated in the treatment of ocular diseases, viral, fungal and bacterial infections, dermatological disorders, and in pulmonary, renal, hematological and neurodegenerative pathologies.

Tissue engineering is a novel and exciting field that aims to re-create functional, healthy tissues and organs in order to replace diseased, dying, or dead tissues. It is based on harvesting the progenitor or stem cells expanding and differentiating them into cells that have potential to form new tissue and organ. Pulpal regeneration after tooth injury is not easy to accomplish, because of the infected pulp requires tooth extraction or root canal therapy. Current treatment modalities offer high levels of success for many conditions; an ideal form of therapy might consist of regenerative approaches in which diseased or necrotic pulp tissues are removed and replaced with healthy pulp tissue to revitalize teeth. Many of the current tissue engineering research is directed towards the area of cell manipulation and scaffold design.

Infant oral colonisation is alarmingly proportional to the maternal Mutans Streptococcus counts, oral hygiene, periodontal health and socioeconomic status. Yet, in rural India, promotion of infant oral health (IOH) care still remains an oblivious concept.

The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the success rate of Pressed-ceramic veneers and Zirconia based veneers

Young children’s oral health maintenance and outcomes are influenced by their parent’s knowledge and beliefs. Oral hygiene and dietary habits are established during preschool days and the parents, especially mothers function as role models for their children. Provision of infant oral health care is a challenging issue in rural/urban areas of our country due to lack of Pedodontists and other dental workforces. This poster is designed to begin from the grass root level to create knowledge and awareness regarding infant oral health care among dental and medical students and parents of rural and urban areas. The basic approach in controlling the disease is to identify the disease. This requires knowledge about dental disease process and to reduce the risk factors. Oral hygiene procedures for the child should begin as the first tooth erupts. Educating parents regarding cleaning and massaging of gums which helps in establishing healthy oral flora and to aid in teething. Parents should establish dental home for infants by 12 months of age. Infant oral health care is a foundation on which a lifetime of preventive education and dental care is build up in order to achieve caries free childhood and adulthood.

Oral health is an integral and essential component of general health and this is the epitome that all of us strive to achieve. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common oral health problems of Indian population. About 54% of children and 80% of 35-44 year old people are affected by dental caries, where as about 90% of 35-44 year old are affected by periodontal diseases.¹

There has been a rise in Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in dentists because of extended workdays, awkward postures, prolonged standing/unsupported sitting, and a host of other problems caused by poorly designed workstations, improper work habits, and instruments that are difficult to manipulate. The current workstation in most dental offices requires that the practitioner lean forward, flex his neck forward and laterally, hold his shoulders abducted and his arms flexed, with this position being held statically for most of the workday. The human body is not built to handle these kinds of stresses, which place them at great risk for developing MSDs.

Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature death and disease worldwide. Currently, approximately 5.4 million people die each year due to tobacco-related illnesses and is expected to increase to more than 8 million a year by 2030.¹

Bacterial invasion of the root canal system is crucial for the onset and maintenance of periapical diseases. Thus, one goal of endodontic treatment is to kill microorganisms in the root canal system. Although biomechanical preparation and root canal shaping, irrigants and intracanal medicaments effectively reduce microbiota, these procedures do not completely eliminate bacteria and there are chances of failure. Enterococcus faecalis accounts for approximately 80% of the enterococcal infections, and it is highly resistant to antibiotics. E. faecalis is the most prominent and occasionally the only bacterial species to be isolated from root canals of treatment failed teeth

Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. A stem cell is essentially the building block of the human body.1 In our human body, there are many sources from which these stem cells are derived such as eye, brain, blood from umbilical cord, bone marrow, skin and teeth.2

Efficient cleaning and shaping of the root canal system, which maintains the original configuration without creating any iatrogenic event such as instrument fracture , external transportation , ledge or perforation is the success in root canal preparation. Different variants of instruments and techniques have been developed and described for this critical stage of root canal treatment.1 With the introduction of Nickel titanium alloy in Endodontics, a new revolution has begun initially with manual instruments and then with rotary instruments. The extraordinary properties of super - elasticity and shape - memory of the Ni - Ti alloy have made a complete transformation in endodontics. This poster takes through the evolution from initial to the latest Ni - Ti rotary file systems used in endodontics.2

According to WHO hospitals and outreach centres contribute to provide services to community and should be well managed for the benefit of the community.¹ Their major role is to provide health care services in the most cost effective manner. Our study unit was an outreach centre of a private dental institution as proposed to be established by DCI by the dental institutions.² Objectives of the research were to compute the capital cost and the operating cost of the already operating rural peripheral unit and to conduct and break even analysis of income and expenditure for the same.

Science is presently undergoing a great revolution taking humanity to a new era : Tissue engineering. Tissue engineering is a novel and exciting field that aims to recreate functional health tissues and organs and tissues for patients requiring organ and replacement1. It is used to create, repair and/or replace cells, tissues and organs by using cell and/or combinations of cells with biomaterial and/or biologically active molecules the helps to produce materials which very much resembles to bodies native tissue2. Treatment of immature necrotic teeth is a challenge in endodontics. Regenerative endodontic procedure is introduced as biologically based treatment for such teeth3. Developing predictable protocols would require the use of elements for tissue engineering that is stem cells, bioactive scaffolds, platelet rich fibrin and growth factors. Various clinical application of tissue engineering in endodontics include periapical surgeries, revascularization procedures, regenerative pulpotomy, perforation repair, apexification4. This poster will highlight the various clinical applications of tissue engineering in the field of endodontics.

Cone beam CT (CBCT) scanners are increasingly being used in many dental specialties, such as orthodontics, implantology, trauma and dental surgery. Compared with conventional CT, they offer several advantages, especially a significant reduction in the imparted patient doses.^1,2 These devices produce both two-dimensional and three-dimensional images that are adapted to the clinical requirements for a correct diagnosis and treatment planning.

Eco-friendly dentistry is an approach to dentistry that implements sustainable practices by keeping resource consumption in line with nature's economy, by safeguarding the external environment by virtue of eliminating or reducing outgoing wastes and by promoting the well-being of all those in the clinical environment by conscious reduction of the chemicals in the breathable air. The purpose of this poster is to depict various ways to reduce the environmental impact of dental practices and encompass a service model for dentistry that supports and maintains wellness.

Radiodiagnosis involves the recognition of specific radiographic patterns indicative of disease. With rapidly evolving innovative modes in diagnostic imaging the physician’s creativity is the sole limit with pareidolic illusions. ‘Pareidolia’ is a psychological phenomenon characterized by misperceptions of vague stimuli, frequently images and sounds, as meaningful and significant, a form of apophenia - the experience of seeing patterns or connections in a random or meaningless data.¹